This study was conducted to assess the genetic variety of 12 damask rose genotypes of Kurdistan using morphological traits in Zaleh Research Farm affiliated to Kurdistan Province Agriculture Research Center. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications and each replication included three stocks in each genotype. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the studied genotypes at the probability level of 1%. Results of mean comparison showed a wide variety for studied traits in different genotypes. Relationship between traits showed that the number of flowers, plant height, average width, average length, average number of leaves, mean flower diameter, and petal to flower weight ratio per stem had positive and significant correlation at 1% probability level. Based on cluster analysis, 12 genotypes of damask rose were divided into four distinct groups according to different traits. Thus, according the results, genotypes Kurdistan 3 and Kurdistan 2 can be introduced as superior genotypes. Kurdistan 3 had high yield in flower per hectare and the number of flowers in per bush, and Kurdistan 2 had the highest flower diameter.

In recent years, modeling uncertainties through natural language has attracted growing attention, with Z-numbers, introduced by Zadeh in 2011, being a key concept. A Z-number consists of two fuzzy components: the first represents the possibility of an event&rsquo, s occurrence, while the second expresses the probability of that occurrence. A major challenge in applying Z-numbers lies in properly structuring these two components, inappropriate strategies can lead to inaccurate results, especially in group decision-making contexts with large data volumes. To address this, the paper proposes an optimal clustering approach for structuring the components of Z-numbers more systematically and purposefully. This method enhances the accuracy of Z-number modeling by reducing errors in component formation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through a comparison with conventional fuzzy methods, demonstrating improved performance in handling uncertainty.

The effects of foliar application of potassium silicate and inoculation with mycorrhiza on alleviating the effects of drought stress on Matthiola incana plants were explored in a split-split-plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Perndis Greenhouse Complex during 2019-2020. The main plot was assigned to drought stress at three levels (25%, 50%, and 70% FC), and the sub-plot was assigned to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at two levels (0 and 200 g of fungi per pot), and the sub-sub-plot was assigned to potassium silicate (PS) at three levels (0, 200, and 400 ppm). The results showed that at moderate drought stress (50% FC), stem dry weight was increased by about 20% compared to the control. The maximum root length (13.9 cm), which was about 53% higher than that of the control, was recorded in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to moderate drought stress and sprayed with 400 ppm SP. The results also showed that the foliar application of 400 ppm PS in the absence of AMF inoculation was related to 46% higher leaf dry weight than the treatments of 0 ppm SP with no AMF inoculation. The highest number of flowers in all drought stress levels was obtained from the application of the higher levels of PS. The maximum root dry weight was observed in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to moderate drought stress and treated with 400 ppm SP. Proline content was reduced by the application of 200 g of AMF and 400 ppm of PS at moderate and severe (25% FC) drought stress levels. In general, at moderate and severe drought stress levels, some vegetative and reproductive traits were improved by the foliar application of 400 ppm PS and AMF inoculation.

The present study was designed to evaluate blood factors in the Flower horn fishes that were fed with different levels of hydrolyzed cow skin.216 fishes with average weight and length, respectively, 0.95±0.2 (g) and 3.7±0.2 (cm) during the 100-days period of experiment were fed. Results showed that in the treatments fed diets containing 40% hydrolyzed cow skin, number of RBC with mean (2.5±0.33) ×106, percent of Htc (25±1.72) and hemoglobin (8.5±.66) grams per deciliter, was increased compared to controls (p<0.05). The maximum of WBC (18.1±1.82) ×103 was related to diet containing 40% hydrolyzed cow skin too that had non-significant increase compared to the control diet (p>0.05). The highest values of MCV factor with average (1.04±0.32) was related to treatment %100 (p<0.05) and the lowest values of it with average (0.96±0.52) was related to treatment 60% (p<0.05). But in MCH, the highest measured values with average (3.45±0.72), was related to the control diet and the lowest values of it with average (3.36±0.24) was related to treatment 20% (p<0.05). In MCHC factor, the highest measured values with average (35.00 ±3.81), was related to the treatment 20% and the lowest values of it with average (28.39 ±3.78) was related to treatment 60% (p<0.05). So, the best level of cow skin hydrolysis to add to the diet of ornamental fish Flower horn was 40%.

Drought and salinity are among the most important factors limiting plant growth in many parts of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of drought and salinity stresses on some morphological and physiological factors of Narcissus tazetta L. This pot experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand in 2017. The treatments included sodium chloride (NaCl) in four levels 0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 mM and drought stress in four levels 30, 50, 70 and 90% of field capacity. The results showed that salinity and drought stresses decreased length and width of leaf, dry weight of shoot and bulb, relative water content and chlorophyll content. However, the effects of salinity and drought stress and their interaction on reducing the number of flowers in flowering stem were not significant. In contrast, electrolyte leakage and proline content were increased under these two stresses. In general, the results showed that in the range of applied treatments, the destructive effects of salinity stress on growth, ornamental and physiological traits of N. tazetta flower were more than drought stress.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid, humic acid and harvesting numbers on morphological characteristics and essential oil of German chamomile, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in agricultural sciences and natural resources university of Khuzestan in 2015. The treatments consisted of four levels of humic acid (control, 200, 400 and 600 mg. L-1) and four levels of salicylic acid (control, 200, 400 and 600 μ M) as foliar application in vegetative growth stage flowering and the flower harvest times including one and three harvest (after 20% flowering at intervals of 10 days). The results showed that the highest number of flowers (87. 6) was obtained in three times harvesting and increased by 45% compared to one time harvest. Also, in treatments with humic acid in terms of three harvest, compared to one harvest, the yield increased by 70%. The use of salicylic acid (400 μ M) and humic acid (600 mg. L-1) resulted in an increase of 18% and 38% in the number of flowers compared to control treatment. In addition, the best treatment for the highest flower yield, essential oil content and yield was related to 400 mg salicylic acid with 400 or 600 mg. L-1 humic acid in three times harvesting, which showed significant and considerable increase compared to control in these traits.

Background and objectives Narcissus that is one of the most important ornamental and medicinal plants that its various species are grown in throughout the world except for tropical regions. Narcissus cv. Shahla is a perennial bulbous plants which is used as cut flower, garden and pot plant. Considering that the narcissus plant is one of the most important economic and cultivating crop in Iran. On the other hand, the drought crisis and salinity of water and soil are one of the serious problems of agricultural production. Knowledge of the tolerance of this plant to drought and salinity stresses in order to produce optimal product is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of drought and salinity stresses on some reproductive and biochemical chracteristics and sodium and potassium ion concentrations of N. tazzeta flower. Materials and methods This pot research was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design, with 3 replications. The first factor was drought stress at four levels of 90% (control), 70%, 50% and 30% field capacity (FC), and the second factor was salinity stress of irrigation water caused by sodium chloride at four levels of 0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 mM. Application of drought and salinity treatments lasted about 4 months and then the traits were measured. The investigated traits were included flower number, flower diameter, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid and total flavonoids of leaf, activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes of leaf, and the sodium and potassium elements of leaf and bulb. Results The results showed that the effect of drought and salinity stresses and their interaction on flower number was not significant, but these stresses reduced flower diameter. The highest and lowest flower diameter was obtained from control and 60 mM NaCl × 30% FC treatments. The simple effects of salinity and drought stresses and their interaction on total chlorophyll content was significant and decreased, so that 60 mM NaCl × 30% FC treatment reduced total chlorophyll content by 72% compared to control. Salinity and drought stress reduced leaf carotenoid content, so that the amount of this trait at the highest levels of salinity and drought decreased by 26 and 25% respectively, compared with the control. The results showed that with increasing levels of salinity and drought stress, the activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes increased, so that the highest enzyme activity was obtained from the highest levels (salinity 60 mM and 30% field capacity). In the interaction of two stresses, the highest activity of catalase enzyme was obtained from 60 mM × 30% FC with a 4. 5-fold increase compared to the control. With increasing salinity and drought stress, the amount of potassium in leaves and bulb decreased, but the sodium content of leaf and bulb increased with increasing stresses level, especially salinity stress. Conclusion The results showed that all levels of drought and salinity stress improved the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and guaiacol peroxidase) and non-enzyme (total flavonoid) of N. tazetta flower, but under drought and salinity stress conditions, flower diameter, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content decreased. Under the conditions of salinity and drought stresses, the amount of sodium accumulation in the leaves was higher than that of the bulb. The results showed that the sensitivity of N. tazetta plant to salinity stress was more than drought, which was exacerbated by simultaneous application of two stresses. In general, the results showed that cultivation of N. tazetta flower up to 70% FC and iriigation salinity about 3 dS/m did not have a significant negative effect on yield and plant quality and it is recommended.

Introduction: Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses which adversely affect crop productivity and plant growth. A good nutritional status of the plant could alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress. Zinc dificiency is one one the most predominant mineral dificiency especially in dry and semi-dry regions. Zinc has a critical role in protein metabolism, gene experssion, cell-wall integrity, other micronutrient content and carbon metabolism. Hybrid Petunias are garden standbys developed from several South American Petunia species. These sun and heat-loving annuals or tender perennials were among the first ornamentals to be bred for the bedding plant market in the 1950s. Petunia is cultivated in flower beds and pots and requires full sunlight to produce plants and flowers with bright attractive colors. Petunias are as easy to grow as they are pretty. They require ample sun and grow best in rich soil with good drainage. They bloom best with regular fertilization and will continue to flower all seasons Material and methods: seedlings grown on media containing 70: 30 garden soil: sand were spraed with diefferent concentrations (0, 5, 25 and 50 MgL-1 ) of Nanoparticles and zinc-sulfate. Spraying repeated in two weeks interval on plants after drought stress implementation (50 and 100 percent of field capacity). Morphological and physiological traits were evaluated during the growing period and after final harvest. Results and discussion: results showed that drought stress affected all of the studied traits significantly. Spraying with zinc nanoparticle had significant and positive effects on all morphological and physiological trait except stomatal conductance. Spraying with zinc-sulfate enhanced plant growth, proline accumulation, flower and leaf number. In case of flower number, no significant difference were observed among treatments under drought strss condition, while, under normal condition, plants treated with 25 mg/l of each compound produced 7 more flowers than control. Conclusions: spraying with zinc nanoparticles was more effective than zinc-sulfate on alleviation of drought stress and consequently on growth and flowering of petunia plants.